Stefano Tieri
"There are many Italians to whom the case is still Craxi, and should remain exclusively judiciary. [...] I believe that making a mistake. We can not make the life of Craxi at an end record "(Sergio Romano, Corriere della Sera, January 18, 2010).
then leave by the two convicts, which we will only briefly at the end of the article, and talk about Craxi "statesman."
Economic policy:
The period of greatest influence Craxi can be identified by the 1979 elections to those of 1992. In 1980, the debt / GDP is equal to 56.6% in 1992 is almost doubled to 105.2%. What happened in the meantime? In the late Settanza the level of public debt had reached considerable; Craxi, came to power, he should - a "great statesman" - to fall below the spending of tax revenues: the only way it would stabilize the debt / GDP. Well, the direction taken by the then President of the Council was opposed, and spending continued to rise (from 36.9% of GDP in 1980 to 41.7% in 1983, stabilizing around 42-43% in 1992), despite then we are faced with favorable conditions in international business cycle, which would allow to reduce expenses without any repercussion in the internal politics.
The only expense you went to that was intended to reduce wages of workers: 14 February 1984 in fact a government decree Craxi, later converted into Law 219/1984, abolished the "sliding scale" - the increase of wages from work according to the increased cost of living - which allowed to remain constant purchasing power. That the operation was or was not necessary for budgetary reasons, economists and politicians have discussed at length (and still is talking about it) strikes, however, that in a time when corruption was already very widespread in political circles, they tried to solve the problem - caused in large part by its tangent - exacerbating the burden on the shoulders of employees who acted in full legality, and not fighting illegality, for example in the management of subcontracts that led to a huge increase in cost for any construction in the Italian soil (for details see the section "conviction"). Money eats itself, in a spiral always aimed at achieving greater wealth.
Another "solution" is found in the increase of direct taxes, which leads to a corresponding increase in GDP (from 31.4% to 41.9% from 1980 to 1992). But spending is still growing, and for four years as Prime Minister Craxi, the debt / GDP increases by 20 points, leading in 1987 to 88.5% and 105.2% in 1992, the year and the beginning of Tangentopoli of Craxi's political descent (until then remained in positions of power: these were the years of the CAF).
Domestic politics:
Among his "great reforms", stands the renewal of the arrangement with the Church (dated February 18, 1984). But it was really about her? To read it, the leader of the secular spirit of PSI is not clear at all (just look at the article 9, paragraph 1, where in fact or opens the way for public funding to Catholic schools - so private) . The new Concordat, as revealed in "La Stampa", was ready before his arrival to the presidency of the Council and he was signed only: to prove a protocol submitted by Aldo Moro in 1976 to Pietro Nenni, who was at the base - who were without the slightest change the guidelines - the new agreement signed by Craxi. "I've never felt the presence of Craxi except at the time of signing," he says always "La Stampa" Lajolo, who was responsible, together with Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, the review of the arrangement. We could say, with an air of satire, that this reform Craxi was a mere dummy, but there would be little to laugh.
Do not forget the largest amnesty in Italian history memories (also aims to collect some 'money, given the extravagance children of a corrupt system like that of Italy craxiana), a real legalization of unauthorized building î, signed by Nicolazzi in 1985. If only because, given its long and tortuous passage through Parliament, pending the law was enacted (a year and a half) in the Bel Paese were raised one million new illegal buildings.
Finally Mammi law (Law 223/1990), with which the then television entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi, who illegally passed on throughout the country, would be placed under. Law rejected by the Constitutional Court (sentence with 5 to 7 December 1994, n.420) unconstitutional because art. 15, fourth paragraph ("The concessions in respect of both the national television broadcasting sound, issued a total of the same subject, to entities controlled by or connected to subjects which in turn monitor other holders of concessions can not exceed 25% of the number of national networks provided the allocation plan and not the number of three ), in the section on broadcasting: it violates the principle expressed in Article 21 of the Constitution pluralistic. But something in this law served as the "great statesman" Craxi has in fact pocketed the accounts finance and northern constellation holding - both managed by Giorgio Tradati - a tangent 21 billion paid by Berlusconi himself.
Foreign policy:
Regarding relations with foreign countries is the "Sigonella crisis" of 1985, the last sign of clear opposition to the government of the United States by the Italian. A strong signal, frowned upon by anyone who is uncomfortable with the American imperialist policy. But how true and deep this break with the U.S.? From a confidential file SISDE, dated June 12, 1980 (when the PSI was already four years into the hands of Craxi) expressively, and published January 7, 1994, it reported a story interesting, before the arrival of Jimmy Carter - all 'era U.S. president - in Italy, the CIA deals to acquire news about the Italian political system, from a "usually well informed source" indicates that Claridge and Healy, two CIA officials, have been much concerned about the "role of the PSI in the political situation current. This particular concern is justified, since Sisde, with "substantial aid from the U.S. to the Italian Socialist Party." To what extent we can speak of opposition to America, if these are the conditions?
Convictions:
Now to judicial proceedings î: Craxi was convicted by a final 5 years and 6 months imprisonment November 12, 1996 - July 1995 but was a fugitive in Hammamet - for bribes (17 billion lire) in April 1992 paid to know to win in the insurance monopoly over 120,000 employees of Eni.
also was sentenced (again in a final) at 4 years and 6 months April 20, 1999 for corruption in procurement and illegal financing of the Milan subway and rail link.
NB During those years to construct one km of subway in Milan it would take 192 billion, Hamburg 45.
What quest'accenno serve as a memorandum, because if it is true that "you can not make the life of Craxi at an end record ", it is also true that quest'epilogo not be ignored completely. And maybe about the "great statesman" a way.
then leave by the two convicts, which we will only briefly at the end of the article, and talk about Craxi "statesman."
Economic policy:
The period of greatest influence Craxi can be identified by the 1979 elections to those of 1992. In 1980, the debt / GDP is equal to 56.6% in 1992 is almost doubled to 105.2%. What happened in the meantime? In the late Settanza the level of public debt had reached considerable; Craxi, came to power, he should - a "great statesman" - to fall below the spending of tax revenues: the only way it would stabilize the debt / GDP. Well, the direction taken by the then President of the Council was opposed, and spending continued to rise (from 36.9% of GDP in 1980 to 41.7% in 1983, stabilizing around 42-43% in 1992), despite then we are faced with favorable conditions in international business cycle, which would allow to reduce expenses without any repercussion in the internal politics.
The only expense you went to that was intended to reduce wages of workers: 14 February 1984 in fact a government decree Craxi, later converted into Law 219/1984, abolished the "sliding scale" - the increase of wages from work according to the increased cost of living - which allowed to remain constant purchasing power. That the operation was or was not necessary for budgetary reasons, economists and politicians have discussed at length (and still is talking about it) strikes, however, that in a time when corruption was already very widespread in political circles, they tried to solve the problem - caused in large part by its tangent - exacerbating the burden on the shoulders of employees who acted in full legality, and not fighting illegality, for example in the management of subcontracts that led to a huge increase in cost for any construction in the Italian soil (for details see the section "conviction"). Money eats itself, in a spiral always aimed at achieving greater wealth.
Another "solution" is found in the increase of direct taxes, which leads to a corresponding increase in GDP (from 31.4% to 41.9% from 1980 to 1992). But spending is still growing, and for four years as Prime Minister Craxi, the debt / GDP increases by 20 points, leading in 1987 to 88.5% and 105.2% in 1992, the year and the beginning of Tangentopoli of Craxi's political descent (until then remained in positions of power: these were the years of the CAF).
Domestic politics:
Among his "great reforms", stands the renewal of the arrangement with the Church (dated February 18, 1984). But it was really about her? To read it, the leader of the secular spirit of PSI is not clear at all (just look at the article 9, paragraph 1, where in fact or opens the way for public funding to Catholic schools - so private) . The new Concordat, as revealed in "La Stampa", was ready before his arrival to the presidency of the Council and he was signed only: to prove a protocol submitted by Aldo Moro in 1976 to Pietro Nenni, who was at the base - who were without the slightest change the guidelines - the new agreement signed by Craxi. "I've never felt the presence of Craxi except at the time of signing," he says always "La Stampa" Lajolo, who was responsible, together with Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, the review of the arrangement. We could say, with an air of satire, that this reform Craxi was a mere dummy, but there would be little to laugh.
Do not forget the largest amnesty in Italian history memories (also aims to collect some 'money, given the extravagance children of a corrupt system like that of Italy craxiana), a real legalization of unauthorized building î, signed by Nicolazzi in 1985. If only because, given its long and tortuous passage through Parliament, pending the law was enacted (a year and a half) in the Bel Paese were raised one million new illegal buildings.
Finally Mammi law (Law 223/1990), with which the then television entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi, who illegally passed on throughout the country, would be placed under. Law rejected by the Constitutional Court (sentence with 5 to 7 December 1994, n.420) unconstitutional because art. 15, fourth paragraph ("The concessions in respect of both the national television broadcasting sound, issued a total of the same subject, to entities controlled by or connected to subjects which in turn monitor other holders of concessions can not exceed 25% of the number of national networks provided the allocation plan and not the number of three ), in the section on broadcasting: it violates the principle expressed in Article 21 of the Constitution pluralistic. But something in this law served as the "great statesman" Craxi has in fact pocketed the accounts finance and northern constellation holding - both managed by Giorgio Tradati - a tangent 21 billion paid by Berlusconi himself.
Foreign policy:
Regarding relations with foreign countries is the "Sigonella crisis" of 1985, the last sign of clear opposition to the government of the United States by the Italian. A strong signal, frowned upon by anyone who is uncomfortable with the American imperialist policy. But how true and deep this break with the U.S.? From a confidential file SISDE, dated June 12, 1980 (when the PSI was already four years into the hands of Craxi) expressively, and published January 7, 1994, it reported a story interesting, before the arrival of Jimmy Carter - all 'era U.S. president - in Italy, the CIA deals to acquire news about the Italian political system, from a "usually well informed source" indicates that Claridge and Healy, two CIA officials, have been much concerned about the "role of the PSI in the political situation current. This particular concern is justified, since Sisde, with "substantial aid from the U.S. to the Italian Socialist Party." To what extent we can speak of opposition to America, if these are the conditions?
Convictions:
Now to judicial proceedings î: Craxi was convicted by a final 5 years and 6 months imprisonment November 12, 1996 - July 1995 but was a fugitive in Hammamet - for bribes (17 billion lire) in April 1992 paid to know to win in the insurance monopoly over 120,000 employees of Eni.
also was sentenced (again in a final) at 4 years and 6 months April 20, 1999 for corruption in procurement and illegal financing of the Milan subway and rail link.
NB During those years to construct one km of subway in Milan it would take 192 billion, Hamburg 45.
What quest'accenno serve as a memorandum, because if it is true that "you can not make the life of Craxi at an end record ", it is also true that quest'epilogo not be ignored completely. And maybe about the "great statesman" a way.
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